Footnotes

¹ For Philippines antique maps, the standard reference remains Carlos Quirino's work. See Carlos Aquino, Philippine Cartography (1320-1899), second revised edition with an introduction by R.A. Skelton (Amesterdam: N. Israel, 1963), XIII-140 p. See also the following sources:

Atlas de Filipinas, Coleción de 30 Mapas, trabajados por dileneantes filipinos bajo la dirección del P. Jose Algué, S.J., Director del Observatorio de Manila, 1899 (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1900).

Francisco Vindel, Mapas de America y Filipinas en los libros Españoles de los Siglos XVI al XVIII, Apendice a los de America, Adicion de los de Filipinas (Madrid: Dirección General de Relaciones Culturales u Cientificas, 1991, 170 p.

R.T. Fell, Early Maps of South East Asia, second edition (Singapore: Oxford University Press, 1991), pp 51-56. Cherl Brooks, "Bridge to the past: Maps Depict the Philippines' Place in History," Mercator's World (September-October 1997), pp. 34-41.

Jonathan Best, "Rare Books and Map Room at the GBR Museum," Arts of Asia (January-February 1998), pp. 54-65

Armand V. Fabella, "Mapping the Archipelago," in Kasaysayan: The Story of the Filipino People, Vol. 3: The Spanish Conquest (Asia Publishing Company, Ltd., 1998), pp. 20-21.

Rudolf J.H. Lietz, The Philippines in the 19th Century: A Collection of Prints (Mandaluyong City: RLI Gallery Systems, 1998), XII-174 p.

Gregorio Liorca Magdaraog, "Ancient Archipelago," in Environment and Natural Resources Atlas of the Philippines (Quezon City: Environmental Center of the Philippines Foundation, 1998),pp. 92-127.

Thomas Súarez, Early Mapping of Southest Asia (Singapore: Periplus Editions, 1999), 280 p.

The Fist Portugese Maps and Sketches of Southeast Asia and the Philippines 1512-1571 (Porto: Centro Portugués de Estudos do Sudeste Asiático (CEPESA), 2002), 61 p.

Ambeth Ocampo, "Old maps, charts, and prints," Philippine Daily Inquirer (October 16,2002), p. A9

² Art and Cartography: Six Historical Essays, edited by David Woodward (Chicago-London: The University of Chicago Press, 1987), XVI-249 p.

³ Christine Buci-Glucksmann, L'oeil cartographiaque de l'art (Paris: Edition Galilee, 1996), 179 p.

⁴ See the last stanza of W.H. Auden's "Musee des Beaux Arts" which was inspired bu Bruengel's "Fall of Icarus" in the Musee des Beaux Arts of Brussels:

In Bruegel's Icarus, for instance: how everything turns away Quite leisurely from the disaster; the ploughman may Have heard the splash, the forsaken cry, But for him it was not an important failure; the sun shone As it had to on the white legs disappearing into the green Water; and the expensive delicate ship that mush have seen Something amazing, a boy falling out of the sky, Had somewhere to get to and sailed calmly on.

⁵ Buci-Glucksmann, pp. 17, 21, 24, 27.

⁶ Christian Jacob, L'Empire des cartes (Paris: Albin Michel, 1992), p. 404.

⁷ "If one had to choose the single most telling motif, constantly recurring in countless world maps over the centuries, it is that of power, the controlling power that shape the world's features and history. That the power may be religious - Christian or pagan. It may be secular-conquest, trade or empire. It may be conceptual-the world map as a navigational instrument or as thematic document. Or it may be scientific-cosmological or seismic. It is when themes are unselfconsciously expressed that the world map receives most clearly the intellectual imprint of its time." See Peter Whitfield, The Image of the World: 20 Centuries of World Maps (San Francisco: Pomegranate Artbook, 1994), p.2

⁸ Bernhard Klein, Maps and the Writing of Space in Early Modern England and Ireland (New York: Palgrave, 2001), p. 3. Klein points out that the words "surveyor" or "survey" also have as their reveiling cognate "surveillance" with, of course, its Foucauldian overtones.

⁹ Decorative Printed Maps of the 15^th to 18^th Centuries (A revised edition of Old Decorative Maps and Charts by A.L. Humphreys), with eighty four reproductions and a new text by R.A. Skelton, F.S.A. (London: Spring Books, 1965) VIII-8 p.

¹⁰ Christian Jacob, "The Map: a Metaphysical Object," in Orbis Terrarum: Ways of Worldmaking (Antwerp: Museum Plantin-Moretus, 2000), 392 p., pp. 76-83, p.76. 11 Jean-Claude Groshens, "Avant-propos," in Cartes et figures de la terre (Paris: Centre Georges Pompidou, 1980), 480 p., p.

¹¹ Jean-Claude Groshens, "Avant-propos," in Cartes et figures de la terre (Paris: Centre Georges Pompidou, 1980), 480 p., p. III.

¹² On the important distinction between "re-presenting" and "presenting" or "making present,"see Leovino Ma. Garcia "Refiguring Modern Philippine Art," Zero-In: Private Art, Public Lives (Ateneo Art Gallery, Ayala Foundation, Inc., Eugenio Lopez Foundation, Inc.: 2002), pp. 55-73, p.61.

¹³ Bernhard Klein, Maps and the Writing of Space, p. 3.

¹⁴ Ibid., p.5 (emphasis added)

¹⁵ Ibid., p.3-4

¹⁶ Ibid., p.3.

¹⁷ Mappings, edited by Denis Cosgrove (London: Reakton, 1999), pp. 1-23, p. 9.

¹⁸ See Henri Lefebvre, The Production of Space, translated by Donalds Nicolson-Smith (Oxford: Blackwell, 1991). Cited in Klein, Maps and the Writing the Space, p. 10.

¹⁹ J.B. Harley and David Woodward, "Preface," in Harley and Woodward (eds), History of Cartography, Vol. I: Cartography in Prehistoric, Ancient and Medieval Europe and the Mediterranean (Chicago University Press, 1987) p. XVI.

²⁰ See Svetlana Alpers, "The Mapping Impulse in Dutch Art," in Art and Cartography, p. 51-96, esp. pp.67-69. I have pointed out this meaning of graphô in a review of Lao Lianben's exhibition entitled "The Writings of the Clouds." See Leovino Ma. Garcia, "Lao Lianben at Galleria Duemilla," Asian Art News (January-February 2003), pp. 85-86.

²¹ Klein , Maps and the Writings of Space, p. 11.

²² See Leovino Garcia, "Comment" to Jean-Michel Poinsotte 'Les Romains et l'extreme-orient: mode reel mode reve,'" in Latin Humanism in the Asian-Pacific Area: Heritage and Perspectives (Manila: International Conference of the Unione Latini nel Mondo, March 1-3, 1999) pp. 35-38 p. 37.

²³ Translation mine. For a longer discussion on the Murillo Velarde map, see Quirino Philippine Cartography, pp. 45-61.

²⁴ See Paul Ricoeur, "Life in Quest of Narrative, " in On Paul Ricoeur: Narrative and Interpretation, edited by David Wood (London-New York: Routledge, 1991), pp.20-33.

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